Description:

ER stress (UPR) response is governed by three transmembrane sensors: PERK, IRE1 and ATF6.  These stress sensors control a complex ER-to-nucleus signaling pathway that transmits information across the ER membrane to an extensive gene-expression program.  Two major transcription factors for UPR are ATF4 and ATF6.  Both ATF4 and ATF6 belong to a basic leucine zipper ATF/CREB family, but have distinct functions UPR.  ATF6 is a type II transmembrane ER protein that is activated by proteolytic cleavage.  Active ATF6 translocates to the nucleus where it forms active homodimers or dimerizes with NF-Y and XBP1s and binds to promoter regions containing ATF/cAMP response elements (CREs) and/or ER Stress Elements (ERSE).  ATF4 belongs to PERK-eIF2-ATF4 axis and regulates the expression of genes involved in amino acid biosynthesis and transport functions, antioxidant stress responses, and apoptosis.  ATF4 induces both pro-survival (early) and pro-apoptotic (late) transcriptional programs. Prolonged or extreme ER stress uses ATF4 to upregulate proapoptotic protein C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP).  To distinguish the function of ATF4 and ATF6 in ER stress, Signosis has developed ATF4 /ATF6 ELISA kit for detecting and comparing ATF4 and ATF6 DNA binding activities for human, mouse and rat samples.

Signosis 是一家专业的生物分析供应商，致力于基于微孔板分析技术的生命科学研究产品的开发、生产和销售。Signosis 成立于2007年，坐落于世界研发中心--美国硅谷的中心地带。公司专注于细胞因子、转录因子、miRNA及疾病标志物等重要调控因子和标志物的研究，基于自有专利技术，开发完成400多种先进而独特的用于发现、筛选和分析的生命科学研究产品。Signosis 产品销售遍布北美、欧洲、亚洲及中东等主要国家和地区，客户涵盖美国国立卫生研究院、哈佛大学、耶鲁大学等著名研究机构以及众多制药公司